{{infobox u.s. state |name

Indiana |ElectoralVotes 11 |Fullname State of Indiana |Flag Flag of Indiana.svg |Flaglink Flag |Seal Indiana-StateSeal.svg |Map Map of USA IN.svg |Nickname The Hoosier State |Former Indiana Territory |Demonym Hoosier |Motto The Crossroads of America |Capital Indianapolis |LargestCity capital |LargestMetro Indianapolis metropolitan area |Governor Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr. (R) |Lieutenant Governor Becky Skillman (R) |Legislature General Assembly |Upperhouse Senate |Lowerhouse House of Representatives |Senators Richard Lugar (R)Dan Coats (R) |Representative 6 Republicans, 3 Democrats |PostalAbbreviation IN |OfficialLang English |Languages General American English, Midwestern and Southern English Dialects, Other Languages |AreaRank 38th |TotalAreaUS 36,418 |TotalArea 94,321 |LandAreaUS 35,868 |LandArea 92,897 |WaterAreaUS 550 |WaterArea 1,424 |PCWater 1.5 |PopRank 15th |2000Pop 6,483,802 |DensityRank 18th |2000DensityUS 181.0 |2000Density 69.79 |Total GDP Rank 16th |Total GDP 248,915 (2006) |Per Capita GDP Rank 33rd |Per capita GDP 38,037 (2005) |AdmittanceOrder 19th |AdmittanceDate December 11, 1816 |TimeZone Eastern UTC-5/-4 |TZ1Where 80 counties |TimeZone2 Central: UTC-6/-5 |TZ2Where 12 counties in Evansville and Gary Metro Areas ''For more information, see Time in Indiana'' |Latitude 37° 46′ N to 41° 46′ N |Longitude 84° 47′ W to 88° 6′ W |WidthUS 140 |Width 225 |LengthUS 270 |Length 435 |HighestPoint Hoosier Hill Franklin Township, Wayne County |HighestElevUS 1,257 |HighestElev 383 |MeanElevUS 689 |MeanElev 210 |LowestPoint Ohio River and mouth of Wabash River Point Township, Posey County |LowestElevUS 320 |LowestElev 98 |ISOCode US-IN |Website www.in.gov }}

name	Indiana
flag	Flag of Indiana.svg
seal	Indiana state seal.png
nickname	The Hoosier State
motto	The Crossroads of America
award	Sagamore of the Wabash
capital	Indianapolis
beverage	Water
bird	Cardinal
flower	Peony
holidays	George Rogers Clark Day, February 25 (1779); Northwest Ordinance Day, July 13 (1787); Indiana Day, December 11 (1816)
language	English
lincense plate	2008RegularIndiana.jpg
name origin	Land of the Indians
pie	Hoosier Pie (Sugar cream pie)
poem	"Indiana"
stone	Limstone
quarter	2002 IN Proof.png
quarterreleasedate	2002
river	Wabash River
tree	Tulip tree
slogan	Restart your Engines
song	"On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away"
soil	Miami
route marker	Indiana 67.svg }}

Indiana () is a U.S. state, admitted to the United States as the 19^th on December 11, 1816. It is located in the Midwestern United States and Great Lakes Region. With 6,483,802 residents, the state is ranked 15^th in population and 18^th in population density. Indiana is ranked 38^th in land area and is the smallest state in the continental US west of the Appalachian Mountains. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis, the second largest of any state capital and largest state capital east of the Mississippi River.

Before it became a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Angel Mounds State Historic Site, one of the best preserved ancient earthwork mound sites in the United States, can be found in Southwestern Indiana near Evansville.

Residents of Indiana are known as Hoosiers. The derivation of the term is disputed, but one hypothesis has "Hoosier" originating from a frontier greeting, a corruption of "Who's here?" The state's name means "Land of the Indians," or simply "Indian Land." This name dates back to at least the 1760s but was first applied to the region by the United States Congress when the Indiana Territory was incorporated in 1800, separating it from the Northwest Territory.

Today, Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $214 billion in 2005. Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns. Indiana is home to several major sports teams and athletic events including the NFL's Indianapolis Colts, the NBA's Indiana Pacers, the WNBA’s Indiana Fever, and the Indianapolis 500 and Brickyard 400 motorsports races. The state also has several NCAA Division I athletic programs, notably the Indiana Hoosiers, Purdue Boilermakers, Notre Dame Fighting Irish, and Butler Bulldogs.

Furthermore, the state has several universities ranked among the best in U.S. News & World Report's 2011 rankings. Indiana University, Purdue University, and the University of Notre Dame are ranked among the top 50 in the National Universities Rankings, while Butler University, Valparaiso University and the University of Evansville are ranked among the top 10 in the Regional University Midwest Rankings.

History

The first people to live in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, ingressing about 8000 BC after the melting of the glaciers at the conclusion of the Ice Age. Divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as Mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking. The subsequent phase of Indiana's Native American antiquity is called the Archaic period, which occurred between 5000 and 4000 BC. They differed from the Paleo-Indians in that they used new tools and techniques to prepare food. Such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They also used ground stone tools such as stone axes, woodworking tools and grinding stones. During the latter part of the period, mounds and middens were created, indicating that their settlements were becoming more permanent. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC. Afterwards, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, ceramics and pottery were created as well as the increase of usage in horticulture. An early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began exploration of long-range trade of goods. Nearing the end of the stage, an exhaustive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture to grow crops such as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD. The incoming period afterwards was known as the Mississippian period, which lasted from 1000 until just before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, large settlements were created that had similarities to towns, such as the Angel Mounds. They had large public areas such as plazas and platform mounds, where instrumental individuals of the settlement lived or conducted rituals. Mississippian civilization collapsed in Indiana during the mid-1400s for reasons that remain unclear. French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle was the first European to cross into Indiana after reaching present-day South Bend at the Saint Joseph River in 1679. He returned the following year to gain knowledge of northern Indiana. Canadiens fur traders also came along and brought blankets, jewelry, tools, whiskey and weapons to trade for skins with the Native Americans. By 1702, the first trading post was establihed by Sieur Juchereau near Vincennes. In 1715, Sieur de Vincennes built Fort Miami at Kekionga, now Fort Wayne. In 1717, another Canadien, Picote de Beletre, built Fort Ouiatenon on the Wabash River, with the efforts to control Native American trade routes from Lake Erie to the Mississippi River. In 1732, Sieur de Vincennes built a second fur trading post at Vincennes. Canadien settlers, which had left the earlier post because of hostilities, came back in larger numbers. In a period of a few years however, the British arrived and contended against the Canadians for management of the fruitful fur trade. Fighting between the Canadians and British occurred throughout the 1750s as a result.

The Native American tribes of Indiana sided with the Canadians during the French and Indian War. By the conclusion of the war in 1763, the French had lost all land west of the colonies, and control had been ceded to the British crown. Neighboring tribes in Indiana, however, did not give up and destroyed Fort Ouiatenon and Fort Miami during Pontiac's Rebellion. The royal proclamation of 1763 ceded the land west of the Appalachians for Indian use, and was thus labeled Indian territory. In 1775, the American Revolutionary War began as the colonists looked to free themselves from British rule. The majority of the fighting took place in the east, but military officer George Rogers Clark called for an army to help fight the British in the west. Clark's army won significant battles to overtake Vincennes and Fort Sackville on February 25, 1779. During the war, Clark managed to cut off British troops who were attacking the colonist from the west. His success is often credited for changing the course of the American Revolutionary War. At the end of the revolutionary war, through the treaty of Paris, the British crown ceded their claims to the land south of the Great Lakes to the newly formed United States.

Present-day Indiana became part of the Northwest Territory in 1787. In 1800, Ohio was separated from the Northwest Territory by Congress, designating the rest of the land as the Indiana Territory. President Thomas Jefferson chose William Henry Harrison as the governor of the territory and Vincennes was established as the capital. After Michigan was separated and the Illinois Territory was formed, the size of Indiana was reduced to its current state. In 1810, Shawnee leader Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa encouraged other tribes to resist European settlement into the territory. Tensions rose and Harrison was authorized to launch a preemptive expedition against Tecumseh's Confederacy resulting in a US victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe on November 7, 1811. Tecumseh was killed in 1813 during the Battle of Thames. After his death, armed resistance to United States control ended in the region. Most Native Americans in the state were later removed through negotiations to purchase their lands in the 1820s and 1830s.

In December 1813, Corydon became the second capital of the Indiana Territory. Two years later, a petition for statehood was approved by the territorial general assembly and sent to Congress. Afterwards, an Enabling Act was passed to provide an election of delegates to write a constitution for Indiana. On June 10, 1816, delegates assembled at Corydon to write the constitution, which was completed in nineteen days. President James Madison approved Indiana's admission into the union as the nineteenth state on December 11, 1816. In 1825, the state capital was moved from Corydon to Indianapolis and 26 years later, a second constitution was adopted. Following statehood, the new government set out on an ambitious plan to transform Indiana from a wilderness frontier into a developed, well-populated, and thriving state, beginning significant demographic and economic changes. The state's founders initiated a program that led to the construction of roads, canals, railroads and state-funded public schools. The plans bankrupted the state and were a financial disaster, but increased land and produce value more than fourfold. The early nineteenth century saw much immigration to Indiana. The largest immigrant group to settle in Indiana were Germans, though there were also substantial amounts of immigrants from Ireland and England as well as Americans who were ethnically English from regions such as New York, New England and Pennsylvania. During the American Civil War, Indiana became politically influential and played an important role in the affairs of the nation. As the first western state to mobilize for the war, Indiana's soldiers were present in all of the major engagements during the war. Indiana residents were present in both the first and last battles and the state provided 126 infantry regiments, 26 batteries of artillery and 13 regiments of cavalry to the cause of the Union. In 1861, Indiana was assigned a quota of 7,500 men to join the Union Army. So many volunteered in the first call that thousands had to be turned away. Before the war ended, Indiana contributed 208,367 men to fight and serve in the war. Casualties were over 35% among these men: 24,416 lost their lives in the conflict and over 50,000 more were wounded. The only Civil War battle fought in Indiana was the Battle of Corydon, which occurred during Morgan's Raid. The battle left 15 dead, 40 wounded, and 355 captured.

Following the American Civil War, Indiana industry began to grow at an accelerated rate across the northern part of the state leading to the formation of labor unions and suffrage movements. The Indiana Gas Boom led to rapid industrialization during the late 19th century by providing cheap fuel to the region. In the early 20th century, Indiana developed into a strong manufacturing state with strong ties to the auto industry. Haynes-Apperson, the nations first commercially successful auto company operated in Kokomo until 1925. The state also saw many developments with the construction of Indianapolis Motor Speedway and the start many other auto industries. During the 1930s, Indiana, like the rest of the nation, was affected by the Great Depression. The economic downturn had a wide-ranging negative impact on Indiana, such as the decline of urbanization. The situation was aggravated by the Dust Bowl, which caused an influx of migrants from the rural Midwestern United States. Governor Paul V. McNutt's administration struggled to build a state-funded welfare system to help the overwhelmed private charities. During his administration, spending and taxes were both cut drastically in response to the depression and the state government was completely reorganized. McNutt also ended Prohibition in the state and enacted the state's first income tax. On several occasions, he declared martial law to put an end to worker strikes. World War II helped lift the economy in Indiana, as the war required steel, food and other goods that were produced in Indiana. Roughly 10 percent of Indiana's population joined the armed forces while hundreds of industries earned war production contracts and began making war material. The effects of the war helped end the Great Depression.

With the conclusion of World War II, Indiana rebounded to levels of production prior to the Great Depression. Industry became the primary employer, a trend that continued into the 1960s. Urbanization during the 1950s and 1960s led to substantial growth in the state's urban centers. The auto, steel and pharmaceutical industries topped Indiana's major businesses. Indiana's population continued to grow during the years after the war, exceeding five million by the 1970 census. In the 1960s, the administration of Matthew E. Welsh adopted its first sales tax of two percent. Indiana schools had been desegregated in 1949. Welsh also worked with the General Assembly to pass the Indiana Civil Rights Bill, granting equal protection to minorities in seeking employment. Beginning in 1970, a series of amendments to the state constitution were proposed. With adoption, the Indiana Court of Appeals was created and the procedure of appointing justices on the courts was adjusted. The 1973 oil crisis created a recession that hurt the automotive industry in Indiana. Companies like Delco Electronics and Delphi began a long series of downsizing that contributed to high unemployment rates in manufacturing in Anderson, Muncie, and Kokomo. The deindustrialization trend continued until the 1980s when the national and state economy began to diversify and recover.

Geography

With a total area of , Indiana ranks as the 38th largest state in size. The state has a maximum dimension north to south of and a maximum east to west dimension of . The state is bordered on the north by Michigan, on the east by Ohio and on the west by Illinois. The Ohio River separates Indiana from Kentucky on the southern border. Indiana is one of eight states that make up the Great Lakes region. The state includes two natural regions of the United States, the Central Lowland and the Interior Low Plateau. The average altitude of Indiana is about above sea level. The highest point in the state is Hoosier Hill, which is above sea level. Only have an altitude greater than and this area is enclosed within 14 counties. About have an elevation of less than .

The till plains make up the central allotment of Indiana. Much of its appearance is a result of elements left behind by glaciers. The area includes some low hills and the soil is composed of glacial sands, gravel and clay, which results to exceptional farmland in central Indiana. The unglaciated segment of the state carries a different and off-balance surface, characterized in places by profound valleys and expeditious streams. A limited area in the southeastern area of the state possesses these types of characteristics. The soil is fertile in the valleys of Indiana, most notably Whitewater Valley which is known for its prodigious farming. In northwest Indiana, there are various sand hills and dunes, due in some measure to a former extension of the lake and wind action. In the basin of the Kankakee River there is an extensive scope of lakes, marshes and prairies. In northeastern Indiana there is a region of tall moraines, one of which is 200 to 500 feet (61 to 150 m) deep, wide and stretching across a distance of .

The Wabash River, which is the longest free-flowing river east of the Mississippi, is the official river of Indiana. At 475 miles (764 km) in length, the river bisects the state from northeast to southwest before flowing south, mostly along the Indiana-Illinois border. The river has been the subject of several songs, such as ''On the Banks of the Wabash'', ''The Wabash Cannonball'' and ''Back Home Again, In Indiana''.

The Kankakee River passes through northern Indiana before emptying into the Illinois River and serves as a demarcating line between suburban northwest Indiana and the rest of the state. There are over 1,000 lakes in Indiana. Indiana borders Lake Michigan where the Port of Indiana operates the state's largest shipping port. Tippecanoe Lake is the deepest lake in the state reaching depths at nearly while Lake Wawasee is the largest natural lake in Indiana.

Climate

Indiana has a humid continental climate, with cool winters and warm, irriguous summers. The extreme southern portion of the state is within the humid subtropical climate area and receives more precipitation than other parts of Indiana. Temperatures generally diverge from the north and south sections of the state. In the middle of the winter, average high/low temperatures range from around 30°F/15°F (−1°C/-10°C) in the far north to 39°F/22°F (4°C/-6°C) in the far south. In the middle of summer there is generally a little less variation across the state, as average high/low temperatures range from around 84°F/64°F (29°C/18°C) in the far north to 90°F/69°F (32°C/21°C) in the far south. The record high temperature for the state was 116°F (47°C) set on July 14, 1936 at Collegeville. The record low was −36°F (−38°C) on January 19, 1994 at New Whiteland. The growing season typically spans from 155 days in the north and 185 days in the south. While droughts occasionally occur in the state, rainfall totals are administered relatively equally throughout the year. Precipitation totals range from near Lake Michigan to along the Ohio River, with the state average being . The annual snowfall in Indiana varies widely across the state, ranging from in the northwest along Lake Michigan to in the far south. Lake effect snow accounts for roughly half of the snowfall in northwest and northcentral Indiana, due to the effects of the moisture and relative warmth of Lake Michigan upwind. The mean wind speed is . Indiana is one of the most tornado-prone states in the country, ranking sixth in a list by VorTek, an Alabama company. The city of South Bend was ranked the 14th most tornado-prone city in the country, ahead of cities such as Houston and Wichita. The same company also published a list of the most tornado prone cities and states in April, with Indiana coming in first and South Bend ranking 16th. Despite its vulnerability, Indiana is not a part of tornado alley.

>

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Annum
2.48	2.27	3.36	3.89	4.46	4.19	4.22	3.91	3.12	3.02	3.44	3.13	41.49

Time zones

Indiana is one of thirteen U.S. states that is divided into more than one time zone. Indiana's time zones have fluctuated over the past century. At present most of the state observes Eastern Time; six counties near Chicago and six near Evansville observe Central Time. Debate continues on the matter.

Before 2006, most of Indiana did not observe daylight saving time (DST). Some counties within this area, particularly Floyd, Clark, and Harrison counties near Louisville, Kentucky, and Ohio and Dearborn counties near Cincinnati, Ohio, unofficially observed DST by local custom. Since April 2006 the entire state observes DST. Although DST is supposed to save energy, a 2008 study of billing data before and after the change in 2006 concluded that residential electricity consumption had increased by 1% to 4%, primarily due to extra afternoon cooling and increased the state's electrical bill by approximately $1,000,000 dollars annually.

Geographic and statistical areas

Indiana is divided into 92 counties. Only one, Marion, is a consolidated city-county.Vanderburgh is attempting to consolidate with Evansville, subject to a 2010 ballot.

Important cities and towns

Indianapolis, the current capital of Indiana is the third capital in the history of the state. The territorial capitals were Vincennes and later Corydon which became the first state capital when Indiana became a state. The center of population in Indiana as well as the geographic center of Indiana are both located near Indianapolis. Indiana has four large metropolitan areas anchored by in-state cities; Pictured below are the cities larger than 60,000 in order of population with their most current population estimates from the 2010 United States Census.

{| |- |valign="top"| Major Cities (population > 100,000)

Indianapolis

Fort Wayne

Evansville

South Bend

Secondary Cities (population > 25,000)

Anderson

Bloomington

Carmel

Columbus

Crown Point

East Chicago

Elkhart

Fishers

Gary

Goshen

Greenwood

Hammond

Hobart

Jeffersonville

Kokomo

Lafayette

Lawrence

Marion

Merrillville

Michigan City

Mishawaka

Muncie

New Albany

Noblesville

Plainfield

Portage

Richmond

Schererville

Terre Haute

Valparaiso

West Lafayette

|valign="top"| |}

Demographics

Population

As of 2010, there were 6,483,802 people residing in the state. The population density was 181.0 persons per square mile. The racial makeup of the state was 84.3% White, 9.1% African American, 1.6% Asian, 2.0% from a biracial or multiracial background and 0.3% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race made up 6.0% of the population. The Hispanic population is Indiana’s fastest growing minority. In the state, 24.9% of the population are under the age of 18, 6.9% are under the age of five and 12.8% are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36.4 years. In 2005, 77.7% of Indiana residents lived in metropolitan counties, 16.5% lived in micropolitan counties and 5.9% lived in non-core counties.

German is the largest ancestry reported in Indiana, with 22.7% of the population reporting that ancestry in the Census. Persons citing American (12.0%) and English ancestry (8.9%) are also numerous, as are Irish (10.8%) and Polish (3.0%). Most of those citing American ancestry are actually of English descent, but have family that has been in North America for so long, in many cases since the early colonial era, that they identify simply as "American".

The center of population of Indiana is located in Hamilton County, in the town of Sheridan. Population growth since 1990 has been concentrated in the counties surrounding Indianapolis, with four of the top five fastest-growing counties in that area: Hamilton, Hendricks, Johnson, and Hancock. The other county is Dearborn County, which is near Cincinnati. Hamilton County has also been the fastest growing county in the area consisting of Indiana and its bordering states of Illinois, Michigan, Ohio and Kentucky and the 20th fastest growing county in the country.

In 2005, the median household income for Indiana residents was $43,993. Nearly 498,700 Indiana households had incomes from $50,000 to $74,999, accounting for 20% of all households. Hamilton County’s median household income is nearly $35,000 higher than the Indiana average. At $78,932, it ranks seventh in the country among counties with less than 250,000 people. The next highest median incomes in Indiana are also found in the Indianapolis suburbs; Hendricks County has a median of $57,538, followed by Johnson County at $56,251.

Religion

Although the largest single religious denomination in the state is Roman Catholic (836,009 members), most of the population are members of various Protestant denominations. The largest Protestant denomination by number of adherents in 2000 was the United Methodist Church with 288,308. A study by the Graduate Center found that 20 percent are Roman Catholic, 14 percent belong to different Baptist churches, 10 percent are other Christians, nine percent are Methodist, and six percent are Lutheran. The study also found that 16 percent are secular.

Indiana is home to the St. Meinrad Archabbey, one of two archabbeys in the United States and one of 11 in the world. The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod has one of its two seminaries in Fort Wayne, IN. Two conservative denominations, the Free Methodist Church and the Wesleyan Church, have their headquarters in Indianapolis as does the Christian Church. The Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches maintains offices and publishing work in Winona Lake. Huntington serves as the home to the Church of the United Brethren in Christ. Anderson is home to the headquarters of the Church of God. The headquarters of the Missionary Church is located in Fort Wayne. The Friends United Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends, the largest branch of American Quakerism, is based in Richmond, which also houses the oldest Quaker seminary in the United States, the Earlham School of Religion. The Islamic Society of North America is headquartered in Plainfield. Indiana has 100,000 Muslims and 17,000 Jews.

Cities and towns

With a population of 829,817, Indianapolis is by far the largest city in Indiana and 11th largest in the United States (when looking at its consolidated population within Marion County), according to the 2010 Census. Three other cities in Indiana have a population greater than 100,000: Fort Wayne (253,617), Evansville (179,703) and South Bend (101,168). Since 2000, Fishers has seen the largest population rise amongst the state’s 20 largest cities with an increase of 100 percent. Hammond and Gary have seen the largest population declines regarding the top 20 largest cities since 2000, with a decrease of 6.8 and 21.0 percent respectively. Other cities that have seen extensive growth since 2000 are Noblesville (39.4 percent), Greenwood (81 percent), Carmel (21.4 percent) and Lawrence (9.3 percent). Meanwhile, Evansville (−4.2 percent), Anderson (−4 percent) and Muncie (−3.9 percent) are cities that have seen the steepest decline in population in the state. Indianapolis has the largest metropolitan area in the state and 33rd largest in the country. It consists of Marion County and eight surrounding counties in central Indiana. Altogether there are 13 metropolitan areas in Indiana.

Law and government

The Governor of Indiana serves as the chief executive of the state and has the authority to manage the government as established in the Constitution of Indiana. The governor and the lieutenant governor are jointly elected to four-year terms, with gubernatorial elections running concurrent with United States presidential elections (1996,2000,2004,2008, etc.). The governor may not serve more than two consecutive terms. The governor works with the Indiana General Assembly and the Supreme Court of Indiana to govern the state and has the authority to adjust the other branches. Special sessions of the General Assembly can be called upon by the governor as well as have the power to select and remove leaders of nearly all state departments, boards and commissions. Other notable powers include calling out the Indiana Guard Reserve or the Indiana National Guard in times of emergency or disaster, issuing pardons or commuting the sentence of any criminal offenders except in cases of treason or impeachment and possessing an abundant amount of statutory authority. The lieutenant governor serves as the President of the Senate and is responsible for ensuring that the senate rules are acted in accordance with by its constituents. The lieutenant governor can only vote to break ties. If the governor dies in office, becomes permanently incapacitated, resigns or is impeached, the lieutenant governor becomes governor. If both the governor and lieutenant governor positions are unoccupied, the Senate President pro tempore becomes governor.

The Indiana General Assembly is composed of a 50-member Senate and 100-member House of Representatives. The Senate is the upper house of the General Assembly and the House of Representatives is the lower house. The General Assembly has exclusive legislative authority within the state government. Both the Senate and House of Representatives can introduce legislation, with the exception that the Senate is not authorized to initiate legislation that will affect revenue. Bills are debated and passed separately in each house, but must be passed by both houses before they can submitted to the Governor. The legislature can nullify a veto from the governor with a majority vote of full membership in the Senate and House of Representatives. Each law passed by the General Assembly must be used without exception to the entire state. The General Assembly has no authority to create legislation that targets only a particular community. The General Assembly can manage the state's judiciary system by arranging the size of the courts and the bounds of their districts. It also can oversee the activities of the executive branch of the state government, has restricted power to regulate the county governments within the state, and has exclusive power to initiate the method to alter the Indiana Constitution.

The Indiana Supreme Court is made up of five judges with a Court of Appeals composed of 15 judges. The governor selects judges for the supreme and appeal courts from a group of applicants chosen by a special commission. After serving for two years, the judges must acquire the support of the electorate to serve for a 10-year term. In nearly all cases, the Supreme Court does not have original jurisdiction and can only hear cases that are petitioned to the court following being heard in lower courts. Local circuit courts are where the majority of cases begin with a trial and the consequence decided by the jury. The Supreme Court does have original and sole jurisdiction in certain specific areas including the practice of law, discipline or disbarment of Judges appointed to the lower state courts, and supervision over the exercise of jurisdiction by the other lower courts of the State.

The state is divided into 92 counties, which are led by a board of county commissioners. 90 counties in Indiana have their own circuit court with a judge elected for a six-year term. The remaining two counties, Dearborn and Ohio, are combined into one circuit. Many counties operate superior courts in addition to the circuit court. In densely populated counties where the caseload is traditionally greater, separate courts have been established to solely hear either juvenile, criminal, probate or small claims cases. The establishment, frequency and jurisdiction of these additional courts varies greatly from county to county. There are 85 city and town courts in Indiana municipalities, created by local ordinance, typically handling minor offenses and not considered courts of record. County officials that are elected to four-year terms include an auditor, recorder, treasurer, sheriff, coroner and clerk of the circuit court. All incorporated cities in Indiana have a mayor and council form of municipal government. Towns are governed by a town council and townships are governed by a township trustee and advisory board.

Politics

+ Presidential elections results
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From 1880 to 1924, a resident of Indiana was included in all but one presidential election. Indiana Representative William Hayden English was nominated for Vice-President and ran with Winfield Scott Hancock in the 1880 election. In 1884, former Indiana Governor Thomas A. Hendricks was elected Vice-President of the United States. He served until his death on November 25, 1885, under President Grover Cleveland. In 1888, Indiana Senator Benjamin Harrison was elected President of the United States and served one term. He remains the only U.S. President from Indiana. Indiana Senator Charles W. Fairbanks was elected Vice-President in 1904, serving under President Theodore Roosevelt until 1913. Fairbanks made another run for Vice-President with Charles Evans Hughes in 1912, but they both lost to Woodrow Wilson and Indiana Governor Thomas R. Marshall, who served as Vice-President from 1913 until 1921. Not until 1988 did another presidential election involved a native of Indiana, when Senator Dan Quayle was elected Vice-President and served one term with George H. W. Bush.

Indiana has long been considered to be a Republican stronghold, particularly in Presidential races, but the Cook Partisan Voting Index (CPVI) now rates Indiana as only R+5, a smaller Republican edge than is assigned to 20 of the 28 "red" states. Indiana was one of only ten states to support Republican Wendell Willkie in 1940. On 14 occasions has the Republican candidate defeated the Democrat by a double digit margin in the state, including six times where a Republican won the state by more than 20%. In 2000 and 2004, George W. Bush won the state by a wide margin while the election was much closer overall. The state has only supported a Democrat for president five times since 1900. In 1912, Woodrow Wilson became the first Democrat to win the state with 43% of the vote. 20 years later, Franklin D. Roosevelt won the state with 55% of the vote over incumbent Republican Herbert Hoover. Roosevelt won the state again in 1936. In 1964, 56% of voters supported Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson over Republican Barry Goldwater. 44 years later, Democrat Barack Obama narrowly won the state against John McCain 50% to 49%.

While only five Democratic presidential nominees have carried Indiana since 1900, 11 Democrats were elected governor during that time. Before Mitch Daniels became governor in 2005, Democrats had held the office for 16 consecutive years. Indiana elects two senators and nine representatives to Congress. The state has 11 electoral votes in presidential elections. Seven of the districts favor the Republican Party according to the CPVI rankings; there are currently six Republicans serving as representatives and three Democrats. Historically, Republicans have been strongest in the eastern and central portions of the state, while Democrats have been strongest in the northwestern part of the state. Occasionally, certain counties in the southern part of the state will vote Democratic. Marion County, Indiana's most populated county, supported the Republican candidates from 1968 to 2000, before backing the Democrats in the 2004 and 2008 elections. Indiana's second most populated county, Lake County, is a strong supporter of the Democratic party that has not voted for a Republican since 1972. In 2005, the Bay Area Center for Voting Research rated the most liberal and conservative cities in the United States on voting statistics in the 2004 presidential election, based on 237 cities with populations of more than 100,000. Five Indiana cities were mentioned in the study. On the liberal side, Gary was ranked second and South Bend came in at 83. Regarding conservative cities, Fort Wayne was 44th, Evansville was 60th and Indianapolis was 82nd on the list.

Military installations

Indiana used to be home to two major military installations, Grissom Air Force Base near Peru (realigned to an Air Force Reserve installation in 1994) and Fort Benjamin Harrison near Indianapolis, now closed, though the Department of Defense continues to operate a large finance center there (Defense Finance and Accounting Service).

Current active installations include Air National Guard fighter units at Fort Wayne, and Terre Haute airports (to be consolidated at Fort Wayne under the 2005 BRAC proposal, with the Terre Haute facility remaining open as a non-flying installation). The Army National Guard conducts operations at Camp Atterbury in Edinburgh, Indiana, helicopter operations out of Shelbyville Airport and urban training at Muscatatuck Urban Training Center. The Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division is in the southwest of the state and the Army's Newport Chemical Depot, which is currently heavily involved in neutralizing dangerous chemical weapons stored there, is in the western part of the state. Also, Naval Operational Support Center Indianapolis is home to several Navy Reserve units, two Marine Reserve units, and a small contingent of active and full-time-support reserve personnel.

Economy

In 2000, Indiana had a work force of 3,084,100. The total gross state product in 2005 was US$214 billion in 2000 chained dollars. Indiana's per capita income, as of 2005, was US$31,150. A high percentage of Indiana's income is from manufacturing. The Calumet region of northwest Indiana is the largest steel producing area in the U.S. Indiana's other manufactures include pharmaceuticals and medical devices, automobiles, electrical equipment, transportation equipment, chemical products, rubber, petroleum and coal products, and factory machinery.

Despite its reliance on manufacturing, Indiana has been much less affected by declines in traditional Rust Belt manufactures than many of its neighbors. The explanation appears to be certain factors in the labor market. First, much of the heavy manufacturing, such as industrial machinery and steel, requires highly skilled labor, and firms are often willing to locate where hard-to-train skills already exist. Second, Indiana's labor force is located primarily in medium-sized and smaller cities rather than in very large and expensive metropolises. This makes it possible for firms to offer somewhat lower wages for these skills than would normally be paid. Firms often see in Indiana a chance to obtain higher than average skills at lower than average wages.

Indiana is home to the international headquarters and research facilities of pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly in Indianapolis, the state's largest corporation, as well as the world headquarters of Mead Johnson Nutritionals in Evansville. Overall, Indiana ranks fifth among all U.S. states in total sales and shipments of pharmaceutical products and second highest in the number of biopharmaceutical related jobs.

Indiana is located within the U.S. Corn Belt and Grain Belt. The state has a feedlot-style system raising corn to fatten hogs and cattle. Along with corn, soybeans are also a major cash crop. Its proximity to large urban centers, such as Indianapolis and Chicago, assure that dairying, egg production, and specialty horticulture occur. Other crops include melons, tomatoes, grapes, mint, popping corn, and tobacco in the southern counties. Most of the original land was not prairie and had to be cleared of deciduous trees. Many parcels of woodland remain and support a furniture-making sector in the southern portion of the state.

In 2011 Indiana was ranked first in the Midwest and sixth in the country for best places to do business according to CEO magazine.

State budget

Indiana does not have a legal requirement to balance the state budget either in law or its constitution. Instead, Indiana has a constitutional ban on assuming debt. Indiana has a Rainy Day Fund and for healthy reserves proportional to spending. Indiana is one of the few states in the U.S. which do not allow a line-item veto. Indiana does not use Generally Accepted Accounting Principles.

Indiana has a flat state income tax rate of 3.4%. Many Indiana counties also collect income tax. The state sales tax rate is 7%. Property taxes are imposed on both real and personal property in Indiana and are administered by the Department of Local Government Finance. Property is subject to taxation by a variety of taxing units (schools, counties, townships, cities and towns, libraries), making the total tax rate the sum of the tax rates imposed by all taxing units in which a property is located. However, a "circuit breaker" law enacted on March 19, 2008 limits property taxes to one percent of assessed value for homeowners, two percent for rental properties and farmland and three percent for businesses.

In Fiscal year 2011 Indiana reported one of the largest surpluses among U.S states, with an extra $1.2 billion in its accounts. Gov. Mitch Daniels, a Republican, authorized bonus payments of up to $1,000 for state employees on Friday, July 15, 2011. An employee who “meets expectations” will get $500, those who “exceed expectations” will receive $750 and “outstanding workers” will see an extra $1,000 in their August paychecks

Energy

Indiana's power production chiefly consists of the consumption of fossil fuels, mainly coal. Indiana has 24 coal power plants, including the largest coal power plant in the United States, Gibson Generating Station, located across the Wabash River from Mount Carmel, Illinois. Indiana is a also home to the coal-fired plant with the highest sulfur dioxide emissions in the United States, the Gallagher power plant just west of New Albany. The state has an estimated coal reserves of fifty-seven billion tons; state mining operations produces thirty-five million tons of coal annually. While Indiana has made commitments to increasing use of renewable resources such as wind, hydroelectric, biomass, or solar power, however, progress has been very slow, mainly because of the continued abundance of coal in Southern Indiana. Most of the new plants in the state have been coal gasification plants. Another source is hydroelectric power.

Solar power and wind power are being investigated, and geothermal power is being used commercially. New estimates in 2006 raised the wind capacity for Indiana from 30 MW at 50 m turbine height to 40,000 MW at 70 m, which could double at 100 m, the height of newer turbines. As of the end of June 2008, Indiana has installed 130 MW of wind turbines and has under construction another 400 MW.

;Sources of energy (2009) See below Navbox for individual facilities.

! Fuel	! Capacity	! Percent of Total Consumed	! Percent of Total Production	! Number of Plants/Units
Coal	22,190.5 MW	63 %	88.5 %	28 Plants
Natural Gas	2,100 MW	29 %	10.5 %
Wind (Currently The fastest growing form of energy in Indiana)	530.5 MW 1,836.5 MW when all current wind farms are complete	?	?	4 Farms appx 1,000–1,100 Towers total
Coal Gasification	600 MW	?	?	1 Facility under Construction
Petroleum	575 MW	7.5 %	1.5 %	10 Units
Hydroelectric	64 MW	0.0450 %	0.0100 %	1 Plant
Biomass	28 MW	0.0150 %	0.0020 %	1 Facility
Wood & Waste	18 MW	0.0013 %	0.0015 %	3 Units
	0 MW	0.0 %	0.0	No Facilities at this time
	0 MW	0.0 %	0.0	No Facilities at this time
Total	22,797.5 MW * only includes top number of wind	100%	100%	46 Generating Facilities

Transportation

Airports

Indianapolis International Airport serves the greater Indianapolis area and has finished constructing a new passenger terminal. The new airport opened in November 2008 and offers a new midfield passenger terminal, concourses, air traffic control tower, parking garage, and airfield and apron improvements.

Other major airports include Evansville Regional Airport, Fort Wayne International Airport (which houses the 122d Fighter Wing of the Air National Guard), and South Bend Regional Airport. A long-standing proposal to turn Gary Chicago International Airport into Chicago's third major airport received a boost in early 2006 with the approval of $48 million in federal funding over the next ten years.

The Terre Haute International Airport has no airlines operating out of the facility but is used for private flying. Since 1954, the 181st Fighter Wing of the Indiana Air National Guard has been stationed at the airport. However, the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Proposal of 2005 stated that the 181st would lose its fighter mission and F-16 aircraft, leaving the Terre Haute facility as a general-aviation only facility.

The southern part of the state is also served by the Louisville International Airport across the Ohio River in Louisville, Kentucky. The southeastern part of the state is served by the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport also across the Ohio River in Florence, Kentucky. Most residents Northwest Indiana, which is primarily in the Chicago Metropolitan Area, use the two Chicago airports, O'Hare International Airport and Chicago Midway International Airport.

Highways

In March 2011, Indiana ranked as a bottom-six "Worst" state in the American State Litter Scorecard. The Hoosier State suffers from poor effectiveness and quality of its overall statewide public space cleanliness (primarily from roadway and adjacent litter/debris)--due to state and related eradication standards and performance indicators.

The major U.S. Interstate highways in Indiana are I-64, I-164, I-65, I-265, I-465, I-865, I-69, I-469, I-70, I-74, I-80, I-90, I-94 and I-275. The various highways intersecting in and around Indianapolis, along with its historical status as a major railroad hub, and the canals that once crossed Indiana, are the source of the state's motto, the Crossroads of America.

There are also many state highways maintained by the Indiana Department of Transportation. These are numbered according to the same convention as U.S. Highways. Indiana allows highways of different classifications to have the same number. For example, Interstate 64 and State Road 64 both exist (rather close to each other) in Indiana, but are two distinct roads with no relation to one another.

County roads

Most Indiana counties use a grid-based system to identify county roads; this system replaced the older arbitrary system of road numbers and names, and (among other things) makes it much easier to identify the sources of calls placed to the 9-1-1 system. Such systems are easier to implement in the glacially flattened northern and central portions of the state. Rural counties in the southern third of the state are less likely to have grids and more likely to rely on unsystematic road names (e.g., Crawford, Harrison, Perry, Scott, and Washington Counties); there are also counties in the northern portions of the state that have never implemented a grid, or have only partially implemented one. Some counties are also laid out in an almost diamond-like grid system (e.g. Clark, Floyd, Gibson, and Knox Counties). Such a system is also almost useless in those situations as well. Knox County once operated two different grid systems for county roads because the county was laid out using two different survey grids, but has since decided to use road names and combine roads instead.

Notably, the county road grid system of St. Joseph County, whose major city is South Bend, uses perennial (tree) names (i.e. Ash, Hickory, Ironwood, etc.) in alphabetical order for North-South roads and Presidential and other noteworthy names (i.e. Adams, Edison, Lincoln Way, etc.) in alphabetical order for East-West roads. There are exceptions to this rule in downtown South Bend and Mishawaka.

Rail

Indiana has over 4,255 railroad route miles, of which 91 percent are operated by Class I railroads, principally CSX Transportation and the Norfolk Southern Railway. Other Class I railroads in Indiana include the Canadian National Railway and Soo Line Railroad, a Canadian Pacific Railway subsidiary, as well as Amtrak. The remaining miles are operated by 37 regional, local, and switching & terminal railroads. The South Shore Line is one of the country's most notable commuter rail systems extending from Chicago to South Bend. Indiana is currently implementing an extensive rail plan that was prepared in 2002 by the Parsons Corporation. Many recreational trails, such as the Monon Trail in Indianapolis, have been created from abandoned rails routes.

Ports

Indiana annually ships over 70 million tons of cargo by water each year, which ranks 14th among all U.S. states. More than half of Indiana's border is water, which includes of direct access to two major freight transportation arteries: the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway (via Lake Michigan) and the Inland Waterway System (via the Ohio River). The Ports of Indiana manages three major ports which include Burns Harbor, Jeffersonville, and Mount Vernon.

Education

Indiana's 1816 constitution was the first in the country to implement a state-funded public school system. It also allotted one township for a public university. However, the plan turned out to be far too idealistic for a pioneer society, as tax money was not accessible for its organization. In the 1840s, Caleb Mills pressed the need for tax-supported schools, and in 1851 his advice was included in the new state constitution. Although the growth of the public school system was held up by legal entanglements, many public elementary schools were in use by 1870. Most children in Indiana attend public schools, but nearly 10% attend private schools and parochial schools. About one-half of all college students in Indiana are enrolled in state-supported four-year schools. The largest institution is Indiana University, the flagship campus of which was endorsed as Indiana Seminary in 1820. Indiana State University was established as the state's Normal School in 1865; Purdue University was chartered as a land-grant college in 1869. The three other independent state universities are Vincennes University (1802), Ball State University (1918) and University of Southern Indiana (1965). Many of the private colleges and universities in Indiana are affiliated with religious groups. The University of Notre Dame and the University of Saint Francis are popular Roman Catholic schools. Universities affiliated with Protestant denominations include Butler University, Taylor University, DePauw University, Earlham College, Valparaiso University, and University of Evansville.

Sports

Professional sports

Indiana has an extensive history with auto racing. Indianapolis hosts the Indianapolis 500 mile race over Memorial Day weekend at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway every May. The name of the race is usually shortened to "Indy 500" and also goes by the nickname "The Greatest Spectacle in Racing." The race attracts over 250,000 people every year making it the largest single day sporting event in the world. The track also hosts the Allstate 400 at the Brickyard (NASCAR) and the Red Bull Indianapolis Grand Prix (MotoGP). From 2000 to 2007, it hosted the United States Grand Prix (Formula One). Indiana is also host to two major unlimited hydroplane racing power boat race circuits in the major H1 Unlimited league: Thunder on the Ohio (Evansville, Indiana) and the Madison Regatta (Madison, Indiana).

Indiana has a rich basketball heritage that reaches back to the formative years of the sport itself. Although James Naismith developed basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891, Indiana is where high school basketball was born. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote "Basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport." The 1986 film ''Hoosiers'' is inspired by the story of the 1954 Indiana state champions Milan High School.

Indianapolis is home to the Indianapolis Colts. The Colts are members of the South Division of the American Football Conference. The Colts have roots back to 1913 as the Dayton Triangles. They became an official team after moving to Baltimore, MD, in 1953. In 1984, the Colts relocated to Indianapolis, leading to an eventual rivalry with the Baltimore Ravens. After calling the RCA Dome home for 25 years, the Colts currently play their home games at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis. While in Baltimore, the Colts won the 1970 Super Bowl. In Indianapolis, the Colts won Super Bowl XLI, bringing the franchise total to two. In recent years the Colts have regularly competed in the NFL playoffs. The major players for the Colts include Peyton Manning, Reggie Wayne, Adam Vinatieri, Dwight Freeney, Robert Mathis, Jeff Saturday, Joseph Addai, and Dominic Rhodes. Former players include Marvin Harrison and Edgerrin James.

!Facility	!Seating Capacity	!City
Indianapolis Motor Speedway	257,325	Speedway, Indiana
Notre Dame Stadium	80,795	South Bend, Indiana
Lucas Oil Stadium	63,000	Indianapolis, Indiana
Ross-Ade Stadium	62,500	West Lafayette, Indiana
	52,929	Bloomington, Indiana
Scheumann Stadium	25,400	Muncie, Indiana
Conseco Fieldhouse	18,165	Indianapolis, Indiana
	17,456	Bloomington, Indiana
Mackey Arena	14,123	West Lafayette, Indiana
Allen County War Memorial Coliseum	13,000	Fort Wayne, Indiana
	12,764	Terre Haute, Indiana
Victory Field	12,496	Indianapolis, Indiana
John E. Worthen Arena	11,500	Muncie, Indiana
Hulman Center	10,200	Terre Haute, Indiana
	10,000	Evansville, Indiana
Hinkle Fieldhouse	10,000	Indianapolis, Indiana
Edmund P. Joyce Center	9,800	South Bend, Indiana
	8,996	Anderson, Indiana
Parkview Field	8,100	Fort Wayne, Indiana
U.S. Steel Yard	6,000	Gary, Indiana
Indiana State College Arena	5,500	Terre Haute, Indiana
Bosse Field	5,181	Evansville, Indiana
Compton Family Center	5,000	South Bend, Indiana
Coveleski Stadium	5,000	South Bend, Indiana

!Club	!Sport	!League
Elkhart Express	Basketball	International Basketball League
Evansville Crush	Indoor Soccer	Premier Arena Soccer League
Evansville Enforcers	Football	Great Midwest Football League
Evansville IceMen	Ice hockey	Central Hockey League
Evansville Otters	Baseball	Frontier League
	Soccer	Women's Premier Soccer League
Fort Wayne Fever	Soccer	USL Premier Development League
Fort Wayne Flash		Women's Football Alliance
Indianapolis Enforcers		Continental Indoor Football League
Fort Wayne Komets	Ice hockey	Central Hockey League
Fort Wayne Mad Ants	Basketball	NBA Development League
Fort Wayne Pistons (now Detroit Pistons)	Basketball	National Basketball Association
Fort Wayne TinCaps	Baseball	Midwest League
Gary SouthShore RailCats	Baseball
Gary Steelheads	Basketball	International Basketball League
Chi-Town Shooters	Ice hockey
Indiana Fever	Basketball	Women's National Basketball Association
Indiana Ice	Ice hockey	United States Hockey League
Indiana Pacers	Basketball	National Basketball Association
Indiana Invaders	Soccer	USL Premier Development League
Indiana Speed	Football	Women's Professional Football League
Indianapolis Colts		National Football League
Indianapolis Indians	Baseball	International League
South Bend Blue Sox	Baseball	All-American Girls Professional Baseball League
South Bend Silver Hawks	Baseball	Midwest League

College sports

Indiana has had great sports success at the collegiate level. Notably, Indiana University has won five NCAA basketball championships, six swimming and diving NCAA championships, and seven NCAA soccer championships and Notre Dame has been awarded 11 football championships. Schools fielding NCAA Division I athletic programs include: {| |- |valign=top|

Ball State Cardinals

Butler Bulldogs

Evansville Purple Aces

|valign=top| |valign=top|

Indiana Hoosiers

Indiana State Sycamores

IPFW Mastodons

IUPUI Jaguars

|valign=top| |valign=top|

Notre Dame Fighting Irish

Purdue Boilermakers

Valparaiso Crusaders

|valign=top| |}

See also

Hoosier

Indianapolis

Lake Michigan

List of National Register of Historic Places in Indiana

List of people from Indiana

Ohio River

U.S. state

References

Bibliography

Indiana Writer's Project. ''Indiana: A Guide To The Hoosier State: American Guide Series'' (1937), famous WPA Guide to every location; strong on history, architecture and culture; reprinted 1973

Carmony, Donald Francis. ''Indiana, 1816 to 1850: The Pioneer Era'' (1998), Indiana Historical Society

Jackson, Marion T., editor. ''The Natural Heritage of Indiana.'' © 1997, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana. ISBN 0-253-33074-2.* James H. Madison. ''The Indiana Way: A State History'' (1990), Indiana Historical Society and Indiana University Press

Skertic, Mark and Watkins, John J. ''A Native's Guide to Northwest Indiana'' (2003)

Taylor, Robert M., ed. ''The State of Indiana History 2000: Papers Presented at the Indiana Historical Society's Grand Opening'' (2001), Indiana Historical Society

Taylor, Robert M., ed. ''Indiana: A New Historical Guide'' (1990), highly detailed guide to cities and recent history, Indiana Historical Society

External links

;Directory

;Government

Indiana's Official Website

Indiana General Assembly

Indiana Judicial System

Indiana Chamber of Commerce

Indiana Constitution

Indiana Family and Social Services Administration

Indiana Department of Transportation

;Culture and history

Indiana State Emblems

Indiana Historical Society

Road to Indiana Statehood

Indiana Arts Council

Indiana Historical Bureau

;Tourism and recreation

Indiana's Official Travel Planning Source

Indiana Travel and Tourism Information

Indiana Department of Tourism

Indiana Recreation Guide

Indiana State Parks

;Geography

USGS Scientific Resources of Indiana

Indiana State Facts from USDA

Historic Indiana Atlases

Historic Indiana Maps

Historic Guides to the Communities of Indiana

Indiana State Climate Office

Indiana Geography and Geology Facts

;International community and business resources

Indiana District Export Council

Indiana Foreign Trade Offices

Nationalities Council of Indiana

Huntington County Economic Development

Ports of Indiana

U.S. Export Assistance Center

World Trade Club of Indiana

Category:States of the United States Category:States and territories established in 1816

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name	Ustad Mehdi Hassan
background	solo_singer
alias	Khan Sahib'King of ''ghazal''' (}}

) | Born = July 18, 1927Luna, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India | death_date = | instrument = Harmonium | genre = Classical music, Ghazal, Playback singing | occupation = Singer, Composer | years_active = 1957–1999 (Retired) | website = }} Mehdi Hassan (}}) is a Pakistani ''ghazal'' schlagersänger and a former playback singer for Lollywood. He is famously known as the 'King of ghazal' (}}). He has ruled the Pakistan film industry along with Ahmed Rushdi. He was honoured with ''Tamgha-e-Imtiaz'', Pride of Performance and ''Hilal-e-Imtiaz'' by the Government of Pakistan, and Gorkha Dakshina Bahu by the Government of Nepal.

Career

Mehdi Hassan was born on 18 July 1927 in a village called Luna in Rajasthan, India into a family of traditional musicians. He claims to be the 16th generation of hereditary musicians hailing from the Kalawant clan of musicians. Mehdi Hassan had his musical grooming from his father Ustad Azeem Khan and uncle Ustad Ismail Khan who were both traditional Dhrupad singers. The life story of Mehdi Hassan is a journey of trials and tribulations. After partition the family migrated to Pakistan and suffered severe financial hardships.

To make both the ends meet Mehdi started working in a bicycle shop and later became a car and diesel tractor mechanic. Despite the hardships, his passion for music didn’t wither and he kept up the routine of practice on a daily basis.

The struggle ended when Mehdi Hassan was given the opportunity to sing on Radio Pakistan in 1957, primarily as a thumri singer, which earned him recognition within the musical fraternity. At the time, Ustad Barkat Ali Khan, Begum Akhtar and Mukhtar Begum were considered the stalwarts of ''ghazal rendition''.

He also had a passion for Urdu poetry and began to experiment by singing ''ghazals'' on a part-time basis. He cites radio officers Z.A. Bukhari and Rafiq Anwar as additional influences in his progression as a ''ghazal'' singer.

Later career

Following a severe illness in the late 80s, Mehdi Hassan stepped down from playback singing. Later due to severity of his illness he completely departed from music. He now lives a secluded life in Karachi which he has made his permanent residence. Nevertheless, he often visits Lahore where he spends most of his time with his children and other family members.

In October 2010, HMV released "Sarhadein" in which probably the first and last duet song "Tera Milana" featuring Mehdi Hassan and Lata Mangeshkar was released. This song was composed by Mr. Hassan himself written by Farhat Shahzad. Mr. Hassan recorded it in Pakistan in 2009, and Lata Mangeshkar later heard the track and recorded her part in India in 2010 and later mixed together for a duet.

Awards

He has been the recipient of numerous awards and recognitions: the ''Tamgha-i-Imtiaz'' granted to him by Gen Ayub Khan; the Pride of Performance bestowed on him by Gen Ziaul Haq; and the ''Hilal-i-Imtiaz'' conferred by Gen Pervez Musharraf. Besides the Nigar Film and Graduate Awards from Pakistan, he was presented the Saigal Award in Jalandhar, India, in 1979, whereas the Gorkha Dakshina Bahu Award was given to him in Nepal in 1983. Recently, he travelled to Dubai to receive yet another award.

Personal life

Mehdi Hassan is married and has fourteen children, nine of whom are boys and five of whom are girls. Like him, most of his children are also interested in the field of music. Born on 18 July 1927 (PTV celebrated his birthday on 18 July 2010 in Sunday Lounge).

Discography

Kehna Usey

Nazrana

Live at Royal Albert Hall

Andaz-e-Mastana

Classical Ghazals vol. 1, 2, 3

Dil Jo Rota Hai

Ghalib Ghazals

Ghazals For Ever Vol 1

Golden Collection Of Mehdi Hasan Vol 1, 2

Golden Greats

In Concert

Khuli Jo Aankh

Life Story

Live at Khambays

Live Concert in India

Mehdi Hassan

Mehdi Hassan Ghazals Vol 1

Sada E Ishq

Sarhadein

Sur Ki Koi Seema Nahin

The Finest Ghazals

The Legend

Yaadgar Ghazalen Vol 1

Tarz

Naqsh-e-Faryadi

Ghazals

Aage barhe na qissa -e -ishq -e- butaan se hum

Aaj Tak Yaad Hai Woh Piar Ka Manzar

Aankhon Se Mili Aankhen

Aap Ki Aankhon Ne

Aaye Kuchh Abr Kuchh Sharaab Aaye

Ab Ke Hum Bichde To Shaayad Kabhi Khwaabon Mein Mile

Ae Raushnion Ke Shahr

Aik Bus Tu Hi Nahin

Apnon Ne Gham Diye To Yaad Aa Gaya

Bhuuli bisri chand umeedein

Chalte ho to chaman ko chaliye

Charaag-e-toor Jalao Bada Andhera Hai

Dekh to dil keh jaan se uthta hai

Dil-E-Nadan Tujhe Hua Kya Hai (Lyrics: Mirza Ghalib)

Dil Ki Baat Labon Par Laakar

Dil Men Toofan Chupae Betha Hon

Duniya Kisi Ke Pyaar Mein Jaanat Se Kam Nahin

Dayam Pada Hua Tere Dar Pe Nahi Hoon Main (Lyrics: Mirza Ghalib)

Ek Bar Chale Aao

Ek bus tu hi nhi mujhse khafa ho betha

Ek Sitam Aur Meri Jaan, Abhi Jaan Baqi Hai

Fikr Hii Thaharii To Dil Ko Fikr-E-Khubaa.N Kyo.N Na Ho

Ga Mere Dewane Dil

Garmii-E-Hasarat-E-Naakaam Se Jal Jaate Hai.N

Gulon Main Rang Bhare, Baad-e-Naubahaar Chale (Lyrics: Faiz Ahmed Faiz)

Gulshan gulshan shola e gul ki

Guncha-e-Shauq Laga hei Khilne

Hamari Sanson Men Aaj Tak

Har Dard Ko

Hum mei koi ghum nahi tha ghum-e-aashiqi sai pahlay

Ik Husn Ki Dewi Se Mujhe Pyaar Hua Thaa

Jab Bhi Aati Hei Teri Yaad Kabhi Shaam ke Baad

Jab Bhi Chahen Ek Nai Sorat

Jab Bhi Pee Kar

Jab Koi Piar Se Bulaae Ga

Jab Us zulf Ki Baat Chali

Jahan Jake Chain

Kahan Gai Woh Wafa

Khuli Jo Aankh Woh Tha

Kiya Hei Pyaar Jisse Humne Zindagi ki Tarah

Kya Bhala Mujhko Parakhne Ka Nateeja Nikla

Kyoon Humse Khafa Ho Gaye Ae Jaan-E-Tamanna

Main Hosh Mein Tha

Main Khyala hu kisi aur ka

Main nazar se pee rha hoon

Mohabat Karne Wale

Mohabat Zindagi Hai Aur Tum Meri Mohabat Ho

Mujhe Tum Nazar Se Gira To Rahe Ho

Naavak andaz jidhar diida-e-jaana honge

Patta Patta Boota Boota

Phuul hi phuul khil utthe

Pyaar Bhare Do Sharmile Nain

Rafta Rafta Wo Meri Hasti Ka Saamaan Ho Gaye

Ranjish Hi Sahi Dil Hi Dukhaane Ke Liye Aa

Rim Jhim Ki Barsaat Hai Aur Jaage Huye Jazbaat Hain

Roshan Jamal-e-yaar Se Hain

Saamne Aa Ke Tujhko Pukara Nahin

Sahar Ho Rahi Hai

Shikwa Na Kar Gila Na Kar Ye Duniya Hai Pyaare

Shola Tha Jal Bujha Hoon

Tanha Thi Aur Hamesha Se Tanha Hai Zindagi

Tark-e-Ulfat Ka Sila

Tere Bheege Badan Ki Khooshboo Se

Tere Mere Piar Ka Aisa Nata Hai

Toote Hue Khwabon Ke Liye

Thah ar Thorri Der To

Tu Meri Zindagi Hei (Copied by Nadeem Sharavan in "Ashiqi" Hindi Movie India)

Usne Jab Meri Taraf

Uzr Aane Mein Bhi Hei Aur Bulaate bhi nahin

Wo Dil Nawaaj Hei Lekin Nazar Shinaas Nahin

Yaaro Kisii Qaatil Se Kabhii Pyaar Na Maa.Ngo

Yun na mil mujhse khafa ho jaise

Ye Dhooan Kahan Se Uthta Hei

Ye Kaghzi Phool Jaise Chahre

Ye Mojazaa Bhii Muhabbat Kabhii Dikhaaye Mujhe

Ye Tera Naazuk Badan Hai Ya Koi Mehka Gulaab

Yoon Zindagi Ki Raah Mein Takra Gaya Koi

Zindagi Mein To Sabhi Pyaar Kiya Karte Hain

Zulf Ko Teri Ghataon Ka Payam Aaya Hai

Mehadi Hassan also sung Persian/dari Ghazals In Kabul Afghnistn in 1970s.

See also

Ghulam Ali

*

References

Mehdi Hassan Video Collection

Lyrics and Translations of Mehdi Hassan Songs

Songs and Albums by Mehdi Hassan

Mehdi Hasan Songs

Mehdi Hassan

Shahanshah-e-Ghazal

Mehdi Hassan & the complete list of his film songs

Mehdi Hassan Biography on Sadarang Archives

Indian Express

External links

Category:1927 births Category:Living people Category:Ghazal singers Category:Hilal-i-Imtiaz Category:Muhajir people Category:Nigar Award winners Category:Pakistani ghazal singers Category:Pakistani Muslims Category:Pakistani Shi'a Muslims Category:Pakistani singers Category:Recipients of the Pride of Performance award Category:People from Jhunjhunu district

fr:Mehdi Hassan hi:मेहदी हसन ml:മെഹ്ദി ഹസൻ (ഗായകൻ) pnb:مہدی حسن ur:مہدی حسن

Name	Bismillah Khan
Background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
Birth name	Qamaruddin Khan
Birth date	March 21, 1916
Death date	August 21, 2006
Origin	India
Instrument	Shehnai
Genre	Indian classical music
Occupation	Musician
Past members	}}

Ustad Bismillah Khan (}}; March 21, 1916 – August 21, 2006) was an Indian shehnai maestro. He was the third classical musician to be awarded the Bharat Ratna (in 2001), the highest civilian honour in India and gained worldwide acclaim for playing the shehnai for more than eight decades.

Early life and background

Bismillah Khan was born in a bihari family at Bhirung Raut Ki Gali, in Dumraon, Bihar, as the second son of Paigambar Khan and Mitthan. He was named as Qamaruddin to rhyme with Shamsuddin, their first son. His grandfather, Rasool Baksh Khan uttered "''Bismillah''" (the ''basmala'') after looking at the newborn, thus he was named Bismillah Khan.

His ancestors were court musicians and used to play in Naqqar khana in the princely states of Bhojpur, now in Bihar. His father was a shehnai player in the court of Maharaja Keshav Prasad Singh of Dumraon Estate, Bihar.

At the age of six, he moved to Varanasi. He received his training under his uncle, the late Ali Baksh 'Vilayatu', a shehnai player attached to Varanasi's Vishwanath Temple.

Religious beliefs

Though a pious Shi'ite Muslim, he was also, like many Indian musicians, regardless of religion, a devotee of Saraswati, the Hindu Goddess of wisdom and arts, and often played at Hindu temples, including the famous Vishwanath Temple in Varanasi, on the banks of the river Ganges. He also performed for spiritual master Prem Rawat.

Career

Bismillah Khan was perhaps single handedly responsible for making the shehnai a famous classical instrument. He brought the shehnai to the center stage of Indian music with his concert in the Calcutta All India Music Conference in 1937. He was credited with having almost monopoly over the instrument as he and the shehnai are almost synonyms.

Khan is one of the finest musicians in post-independent Indian Classical music and one of the best examples of Hindu-Muslim unity in India and had played shehnai to audience across the world.He was known to be devoted to his art form that he referred to shehnai as his begum, wife in Urdu, after his wife died. On his death, as an honour, his shehnai was also buried along with him.He was known for his vision of spreading peace and love through music.

.

Performances at Red Fort

Khan had the rare honor of performing at Delhi's Red Fort on the eve of India's Independence in 1947. He also performed Raga Kafi from the Red Fort on the eve of India’s first Republic Day ceremony, on January 26, 1950. His recital had become a cultural part of India's Independence Day Celebrations, telecast on Doordarshan every year on August 15. After the Prime Minister's speech from Lal Qila (the Red Fort,) in Old Delhi, Doordarshan would broadcast a live performance by the shehnai maestro. This tradition dated from the days of Pandit Nehru.

Popular culture

Khan had a brief association with movies. He played the shehnai for Dr.Rajkumar's role of ''Appanna'' in the Kannada movie ''Sanaadi Appanna''. He acted in ''Jalsaghar'', a movie by Satyajit Ray and provided sound of shehnai in ''Goonj Uthi Shehnai'' (1959). Noted director Goutam Ghose directed ''Sange Meel Se Mulaqat'', a documentary about the life of Khan. His last performance with his shenai in films is in ''Swades ''(2004) in the recording of "Yeh Jo Des Hai Tera"

Students

Khan seldom accepted students. In 1985 he had a meeting with Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji (the present master of the Namdhari Sikhs), where he saw a talented young boy called Baljit Singh Namdhari playing the tarshenai, and welcomed him as a student. Ustad Bismillah Khan & Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji had great mutual respect for each other. In 1999 he adopted two more tarshenai students, named Kirpal Singh and Gurbaksh Singh Namdhari.

Personal life

On August 17, 2006, Khan was taken ill and admitted to the Heritage Hospital, Varanasi for treatment. He died after four days on August 21, 2006 due to a cardiac arrest. He is survived by five sons, three daughters and a large number of grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

The Government of India declared a day of national mourning on his death. His body along with a Shehnai was buried at Fatemain burial ground of old Varanasi under a neem tree with 21-gun salute from Indian Army.

Legacy

Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi, instituted the 'Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar' in 2007, in his honour. It is given to young artists in the field of music, theatre and dance.

Awards and recognitions

Awards

Bharat Ratna (2001)

Fellow of Sangeet Natak Akademi (1994).

Talar Mausiquee from Republic of Iran (1992).

Padma Vibhushan (1980)

Padma Bhushan (1968)

Padma Shri (1961)

Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1956)

Tansen Award by Govt. of Madhya Pradesh.

Three medals in All India Music Conference, Calcutta (1937)

"Best Performer" in All India Music Conference, Allahabad (1930)

Recognitions

Bismillah Khan had honorary doctorates from

Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi

Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan

Others include

Was invited by the then Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru to play shehnai on the first Independence Day (August 15, 1947) in Delhi's Red Fort.

Participated in World Exposition in Montreal

Participated in Cannes Art Festival

Participated in Osaka Trade Fair

His 80th birthday was celebrated by World Music Institute in New York

Discography

Sanaadi Appanna - Played shehnai for Dr.Rajkumar's role in the movie.

Goonj Uthi Shehnai (1959) - Provided shehnai

Maestro's Choice (February 1994)

Megh Malhar, Vol. 4 (the other piece in the album is by Kishori Amonkar) (September 1994)

Live at the Queen Elizabeth Hall (September 2000)

Live in London, Vol. 2 (September 2000)

Biographies

''Bismillah Khan: the shehnai maestro'', by Neeraja Poddar. Rupa & Co., 2004. ISBN 8129103516.

''Monograph on Shehnai maestro Bismillah Khan'', by Neena Jha, Shivnath Jha, Alok Jain, Anjali Sinha. Pub. Neena Jha & Shivnath Jha, 2005. ISBN

8175256400.

''Bismillah Khan and Benaras: the seat of shehnai'', by Rita Ganguly. Siddhi Books, 1994.

''Shahnai Vadak Ustad Bismillah Khan'', by Murli Manohar Shrivastava. Prabhat Prakashan, 2009. ISBN 173157359.

''Bismillah Khan: The Maestro from Benaras'', by Juhi Sinha. Niyogi Books, 2011. ISBN 978-81-89738-91-4.

References

External links

Times of India: National mourning for Ustad Bismillah Khan

Documentary about Bismillah Khan: BANARAS, MUSIC OF THE GANGES

Chembur.com Ustad Bismillah Khan

Category:Shehnai players Category:Hindustani instrumentalists Category:1916 births Category:2006 deaths Category:People from Bihar Category:Indian Muslims Category:Artists from Varanasi Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction Category:Indian Shi'a Muslims Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Category:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna

bn:বিসমিল্লাহ্ খান de:Bismillah Khan es:Bismillah Khan eo:Bismillah Ĥan fa:بسم‌الله خان fr:Bismillah Khan hi:उस्ताद बिस्मिल्ला ख़ां he:ביסמילה חאן kn:ಉಸ್ತಾದ್ ಬಿಸ್ಮಿಲ್ಲಾ ಖಾನ್ ml:ബിസ്മില്ലാ ഖാൻ mr:बिस्मिल्ला खाँ pnb:بسماللہ خان ta:பிசுமில்லா கான் te:ఉస్తాద్ బిస్మిల్లాఖాన్ ur:بسم اللہ خان

Name	Robert Mirabal
Background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
Origin	Taos Pueblo, New Mexico
Genre	World
Website	http://www.robertmirabal.com/ }}

Robert Mirabal (born 10.06.1966) is a Pueblo musician and Native American flute player and maker from Taos Pueblo, New Mexico.

His flutes are world renowned and have been displayed at the Smithsonian Institution's Museum of the American Indian. An award-winning musician and leading proponent of world music, Mirabal performs worldwide, sharing flute songs, tribal rock, dance, and storytelling.

Mirabal was twice named the Native American Music Awards' Artist of the Year, and received the Songwriter of the Year award three times. He was featured in Grammy Award winning album, ''Sacred Ground: A Tribute to Mother Earth'' in 2006 for Best Native American Music Album

Mirabal also published a book of storytelling poetry and prose in 1994 entitled ''Skeletons of a Bridge'' and is currently writing a second book, ''Running Alone in Photographs''. Aside from his artistic talents, Mirabal is a father and a farmer, living in Taos Pueblo and participating in the traditional ways and rituals of his people.

Musical career

Raised traditionally by his mother and grandparents on the pueblo, and born in 1966, Mirabal spoke Tiwa at home and began making flutes at the age of 19. In school, he had learned how to play clarinet, saxophone, piano, and drums, but found his true musical voice in the traditional Native American flute. He met the renowned Native American flute player R. Carlos Nakai as a young man and was greatly inspired by him.

He moved to New York City, playing in a multicultural band made up of a Senegalese guitarist, a Cape Verdean drummer and Haitian keyboardist. There, Mirabal immersed himself in the sound of hip-hop, funk and R&B, which would inform his later trademark music.

He recorded an independent debut album in 1988, and went on to land a contract with Warner Western and later, Silver Wave Records. His first projects were generally focused on traditional music consisting of Native American flute and percussion. One of his early albums, entitled ''Land'' was originally composed for two Japanese avant-garde modern dancers Eiko and Koma, who choreographed a dance production inspired by their impressions of the land around Taos. Cedar and clay flutes, percussion, rattles, and traditional vocals were used throughout the album. Reynaldo Lujan, a percussionist who would go on to collaborate with Mirabal for over a decade, played on the album along with Mark Andes. Each song told a different story about the land around Taos Mountain. The acclaimed performance toured Japan, Europe and the U.S. and in 1992, Mirabal was given New York’s Dance and Performance Bessie Award for the score.

In 1996, Mirabal collaborated with Grammy Award-winning Native American singer-songwriter Bill Miller on an album ''Native Suite-Chants: Dances and the Remembered Earth''. The project was both experimental and traditional, featuring flute and percussion as well as Mohican pow-wow singing.

All these disparate interests and experiences led to the band Mirabal in 1995. Bassist Mark Andes, from the '60s band Spirit and '80s rock group Heart, joined Robert along with Reynaldo Lujan. In 1997, they released the groundbreaking album ''Mirabal'' that fused rock, funk, and other contemporary forms of music with traditional music, drawing on the legacy of other Native American pop/rock musicians (such as Buffy Sainte-Marie) but creating a unique sound that would set Mirabal apart and gain further mainstream attention.

Mirabal came to greater national prominence during his performance in PBS' 1998 musical dance production, ''Spirit: A Journey in Dance, Drum, and Song'', for which he composed the soundtrack with traditional flute and percussion. Due to the popularity of the program, the network went on to produce a music/dance program centered entirely on Mirabal and his traditional/rock fusion music in 2002, entitled ''Music from a Painted Cave''. The program and its corresponding CD release were enthusiastically received by mainstream audiences and became a benchmark world music album. He also collaborated with John Tesh for the acclaimed PBS ''One World'' TV special for the millennium in 2000, which showcased music from around the world.

Mirabal's ''In the Blood'' CD (2007) on Star Road Records (www.starroadrecords.com) was featured in New Mexico Magazine for their October 2007 issue. The reviewer wrote that "it is one of his finest to date." His native state's tourism magazine lauded the CD's "lively danceable rhythms (that) should appeal to mainstream radio.... Mirabal (is) one of the trailblazers of tribal rock....

Mirabal was also featured in a ''New Mexico Magazine'' story about Native American flute players.

Discography

''Song Carrier'' (1995)

''Land'' (1995)

''Warrior Magician'' (1996)

''Native Suite'' (1996, with Bill Miller)

''Mirabal'' (1997)

''Native American Lullabies: Under The Green Corn Moon'' (1998)

''Taos Tales'' (1999)

''Music from a Painted Cave'' (2001)

''Indians, Indians'' (2003)

''Sacred Ground: A Tribute to Mother Earth'' (2005, compilation)

''Johnny Whitehorse'' (2005)

''Pueblo Christmas'' (2007, with Patrick Mirabal)

''In the Blood '' (2007)

''Johnny Whitehorse: Totemic Flute Chants'' (2007)

References

External links

Robert Mirabal official site

Robert Mirabal official record label

Category:1966 births Category:Living people Category:Native American flautists Category:Musicians from New Mexico